West Nile Virus International Resources
International Resources and Links:
The selections below are provided as international health and infectious disease information resources. If you would like to see a resource posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- International Conference on the West Nile Virus - New York Academy of Science
- World Health Organization - West Nile Fever Outbreak News
- Center for Disease Control - Global Health Activities
- International Society for Infectious Disease
- Global Infectious Disease & Epidemiology Network (GIDEON)
- WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Pesticide Management Unit
Africa
The first known case of West Nile virus (WNV) was discovered in a woman from the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. The most recent known outbreak of WNV in Africa was in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1998. Below are scientific journal articles from various sources accessed through PubMed, a bibliographic database from the National Institutes of Health. If you would like to see a resource or journal article posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- West Nile Virus in Morocco, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Feb;11(2).
- The role of birds in the ecology of West Nile virus in Europe and Africa. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002;267:309-22.
- Phylogenetic Relationships of Southern African West Nile Virus Isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 August;8(8).
- An outbreak of West Nile fever among migrants in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999 Dec;61(6):885-8.
- Experimental assessment of the vector competence of Culex (Culex) neavei Theobald with West Nile and Sindbis viruses in South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986;80(2):226-30.
- Sindbis and West Nile virus infections in the Witwatersrand-Pretoria region. S Afr Med J 1986 Aug 16;70(4):218-20.
- Infections in sentinel pigeons by Sindbis and West Nile viruses in South Africa, with observations on Culex (Culex) univittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) attracted to these birds. J Med Entomol 1979 Oct 12;16(3):234-9.
- Epidemics of West Nile and Sindbis viruses in South Africa with Culex (Culex) univittatus Theobald as vector. South African Journal of Science 1976;72:295-300. article provided as a resource, no active link
- Ecological studies on Sindbis and West Nile viruses in South Africa. I. Viral activity as revealed by infection of mosquitoes and sentinel fowls. S Afr J Med Sci 1967 Jul;32(1):1-14.
- Ecological studies on Sindbis and West Nile viruses in South Africa. II. Mosquito bionomics. S Afr J Med Sci 1967 Jul;32(1):15-33.
- Ecological studies on Sindbis and West Nile viruses in South Africa. 3. Host preferences of mosquitoes as determined by the precipitin test. S Afr J Med Sci 1967 Jul;32(1):34-9.
Asia
The articles below discuss the importation of used tires (potential mosquito nesting sites) from Asia into the United States, as well as restrictions on the U.S. equine and poultry export into Hong Kong. If you would like to see a resource or journal article posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- Please refer to Veterinary/Wildlife page for more information on import restrictions
- Centers for Disease Control, Requirement for Certification of Used Tire Casings from Asia Prior to Entry into the United States. 1987. Federal Register 52(224):44646. article provided as a resource, no active link
- Importation of Aedes albopictus and Other Exotic Species into the United States in Used Tires from Asia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 4:138-142, 1998. article provided as a resource, no active link
Canada
Health Canada has issued health advisories and information sheets on West Nile virus (WNV). In addition, the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care have each addressed WNV. If you would like to see a resource posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- West Nile Virus - Health Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency's Role in West Nile Virus Activities - May 2003
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care - West Nile Virus Public Information Update
- Government of Alberta, Health and Wellness - Fight the Bite, West Nile Virus
- West Nile Virus Update in 2005. CMJA Jan 03, 2006; 174(1)
- Protective Behavior Survey, West Nile Virus, British Columbia. Emerging Infectious Diseases Aug 2004;10(8).
- Government of Alberta, News Release 10/22/2002 - Alberta's First Human Case of West Nile Virus
- Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency - Mosquito Control
Caribbean
Below are reports on West Nile virus detection in the Caribbean published in CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases. If you would like to see a resource posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- Recommendations for West Nile Virus Surveillance in the Caribbean, December 2002 - Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC)
- West Nile Virus, Guadeloupe. Emerging Infectious Diseases Apr 2004;10(4).
- Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul 2003;9(7).
Europe
Human and equine West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks have occurred in Europe for many years. The last major European epidemic occurred in Romania in 1996. Please view resources below for information on WNV outbreaks in Romania, as well as other areas of Europe. If you would like to see a resource posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- UK Department of Health
- Eurosurveillance
- West Nile Virus Cases in Ireland - BBC News, July 26, 2004
- Killer Virus May Have Reached UK - BBC News, October 28, 2002
Scientific Journal Articles on West Nile Virus in Europe
Below are selected journal articles on the West Nile virus in Europe, including links to the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases. Additional journal articles from various sources are accessed through PubMed, a bibliographic database from the National Institutes of Health. If you would like to see an article posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- Novel Flavivirus or New Lineage of West Nile Virus, Central Europe. Emerg Inf Dis 2005 Feb; 11(2).
- Mosquitoborne Viruses, Czech Republic, 2002. Emerg Inf Dis 2005 Jan; 11(1).
- Human and equine West Nile virus infections in France, August - September 2003. Eurosurveillance Weekly, 23 Oct 2003; 7(43).
- Transfusion associated West Nile virus infection: implications for Europe. Eurosurveillance Weekly, 21 Aug 2003; 7(34).
- The role of birds in the ecology of West Nile virus in Europe and Africa. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002;267:309-22.
- West Nile Encephalitis in Russia 1999-2001. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2001. 951:102-116.
- Epidemic West Nile Encephalitis in Romania. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2001. 951:94-101.
- West Nile Outbreak in Horses in Southern France, 2000: The Return after 35 Years. Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul-Aug 2001;7(4).
- Outbreak of West Nile Virus Infection, Volgograd Region, Russia, 1999. CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 7, No. 1 Jan-Feb 2001.
- Isolation of Two Strains of West Nile Virus during an Outbreak in Southern Russia, 1999. CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 6, No. 4 Jul-Aug 2000.
- Continued transmission of West Nile virus to humans in southeastern Romania, 1997-1998. J Infect Dis 2000 Feb;181(2):710-2.
- Clinical and neuropathological features of West Nile virus equine encephalomyelitis in Italy. Equine Vet J 2000 Jan;32(1):31-5.
- Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999 Oct;61(4):600-11.
- West Nile Fever-a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):643-50.
- Risk Factors for West Nile Virus Infection and Meningoencephalitis, Romania, 1996. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:230-233
- West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71.
- First isolation of mosquito-borne West Nile virus in the Czech Republic. Acta Virol 1998 Apr;42(2):119-20.
- A high number of severe neurologic clinical forms during an epidemic of West Nile virus infection. Rom J Virol 1997 Jan-Dec;48(1-4):13-25.
Mexico and Central/South America
West Nile virus (WNV) was first confirmed in Mexico in May 2003. The virus was isolated from a dead raven in the northern Mexican state of Tabasco. In July 2003, Mexico declared a state of emergency against West Nile virus. Please view the resources below for information on WNV in Mexico. Links may also be available on WNV activity in Central or South American Countries. If you would like to see a resource posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
Scientific Journal Articles on West Nile Virus in Mexico
Below are selected journal articles on the West Nile Virus in Mexico, including links to the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases. Additional journal articles from various sources are accessed through PubMed, a bibliographic database from the National Institutes of Health. If you would like to see an article posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- West Nile Virus Antibodies in Colombian Horses. Emerging Infectious Diseases September 2005;11(9).
- West Nile Virus Isolation in Human and Mosquitoes, Mexico. September 2005;11(9).
- Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus, Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases July 2004;10(7).
- West Nile Virus in Mexico: Evidence of Widespread Circulation since July 2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases December 2003;9(12).
- Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases July 2003;9(7).
- Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses, Yucatan State, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases July 2003;9(7).
Middle East
West Nile virus (WNV) has been found in the Middle East for many years. In 2000, Israel declared a WNV epidemic following the death of 13 people. Please view the resources below for information on WNV in the Middle East. If you would like to see a resource posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- Israel Health Ministry
- World Health Organization (WHO): West Nile Fever in Israel
- BMJ: Twelve die of West Nile virus in Israel. BMJ 23 September 2000;321:724.
Scientific Journal Articles on West Nile Virus in the Middle East
Below are selected journal articles on the West Nile Virus in the Middle East, including links to the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases. Additional journal articles from various sources are accessed through PubMed, a bibliographic database from the National Institutes of Health. If you would like to see an article posted below that is currently not listed, please fill out this comments form and tell us about it.
- Phylogenetic Analysis of a Human Isolate from the 2000 Israel West Nile virus Epidemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases May 2002;8(5).
- Introduction of West Nile virus in the Middle East by Migrating White Storks. Emerging Infectious Diseases Apr 2002;8(4).
- West Nile Fever Outbreak, Israel, 2000: Epidemiologic Aspects. Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul-Aug 2001;7(4).
- Clinical Characteristics of the West Nile Fever Outbreak, Israel, 2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul-Aug 2001;7(4).
- Seroprevalence of West Nile, Rift Valley, and Sandfly Arboviruses in Hashimiah, Jordan. Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul-Aug 2000;6(4).
- West Nile virus in Pakistan. 1. Sero-epidemiological studies in Punjab Province. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982;76(4):431-6.
- West Nile virus in Pakistan. II. Entomological studies at Changa Manga National Forest, Punjab Province. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982;76(4):437-48.
- West Nile virus in Pakistan. III. Comparative vector capability of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and eight other species of mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982;76(4):449-53.
